Ap Psychology Chapter 14 Module 75 Test Review

Chapter 14: Social Psychology

Overview
1. Social Cognition
  1. We constantly assemble data and make predictions near what will happen next and then we can act accordingly
Attitude Formation and Alter
1. Attitude
  1. a ready of beliefs and feelings
2. Mere Exposure Effect
  1. the more you are exposed to something, the more you will like it
3. Persuasive Messages
  1. Tin can be passed through the fundamental route or the peripheral road
    1. key route
      1. involves securely processing the content of the message
    2. peripheral route
      1. involves other aspects of the message
      2. ex: the communicator
The Human relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior
1. Lapiere 1934
  1. visited hotels and restaurants with an Asian couple
  2. observed how they were treated
  3. treated poorly merely once
  4. asked the establishments most their attitudes towards Asians
    1. ninety% said they wouldn't serve Asians
  5. showed that attitudes don't perfectly predict behaviors
2. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
  1. People are motivated to take consistent attitudes and behaviors
    1. when they don't, they feel noise
      1. unpleasant mental tension
  2. Experiment- Festinger and Carlsmith
    1. participants performed a boring task
      1. asked to tell next subject that they enjoyed information technology
    2. subjects paid $1 to lie had more than positive attitudes toward the experiment than those paid $20
      1. they lacked sufficient external motivation to lie
      2. reduced racket by changing attitudes
Compliance Strategies
1. Compliance Strategies
  1. Strategies to get others to comply with your wishes
2. Pes-in-the-door Phenomenon
  1. If y'all can go people to agree to a small-scale request, they will go more likely to agree to a larger follow-upwardly request
3. Door-in-the-face Strategy
  1. After people refuse a large request, they volition look more favorably upon a smaller follow-upwardly request
4. Norms of Reciprocity
  1. The tendency to retrieve that when someone does something nice for y'all, you lot should practice something dainty in return
Attribution Theory
1. Goal
  1. To explain how people determine the causes of what they detect
2. Types
  1. Dispositional/Person attribution
    1. the crusade is due to the person's innate qualities
  2. Situation attribution
    1. a situational gene is the cause
  3. Stable attribution
    1. the cause is something that has always been that way
  4. Unstable attribution
3. Harold Kelley'due south Theory
  1. Explains the kind of attributions we make on:
    1. consistency
      1. how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time
    2. distinctiveness
      1. how similar this state of affairs is to others we've seen the person in
    3. consensus
      1. asks united states to consider how others would take responded in the same situation
      2. important for determining whether to brand person or state of affairs attribution
4. Cocky-fulfilling Prophecy
  1. The expectations nosotros have nearly others can influence their behavior
  2. "Pygmalion in the Classroom" experiment
    1. Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968
    2. administered an IQ test to elementary school students
      1. said it would measure who was on the verge of academic growth
    3. randomly picked a group of students
      1. claimed they were ripe for intellectual progress
    4. measured IQs again at the end of the year
      1. the scores of the randomly picked students improved more than those of their classmates
Attributional Biases
1. Central Attribution Error
  1. People overestimate the importance of dispositional factors
  2. People underestimate the role of situational factors
  3. More common in individualistic cultures
  4. Less mutual in explaining your own behaviors
2. Imitation-Consensus Consequence
  1. The tendency to overestimate the number of people who agree with yous
3. Self-Serving Bias
  1. The tendency to take more than credit for practiced outcomes than bad
4. Just-Globe Bias
  1. Thinking that bad things happen to bad people
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
1. Stereotypes
  1. Ideas about what members of different groups are like
  2. May influence the fashion nosotros interact with members of these groups
2. Prejudice
  1. An undeserved attitude toward a group of people
  2. Ethnocentrism
    1. the conventionalities that your culture is superior to others
  3. Discrimination
    1. interim on your prejudices
3. Out-Group Homogeneity
  1. The tendency to meet members of the in-group as more diverse than members of the out-group
  2. In-group
    1. your own group
  3. Out-group
    1. all other groups
4. In-Group Bias
  1. A preference for members of your own grouping
5. Origin of Stereotypes and Prejudice
  1. Social Learning Theorists
    1. learned through modeling
      1. many prejudiced people have prejudiced parents
  2. Cognitive process of categorization
    1. people can't avoid magnifying differences between groups
6. Combating Prejudice
  1. Contact Theory
    1. contact between hostile groups will reduce antagonism
      1. if the groups are made to work toward a superordinate goal
    2. superordinate goal
      1. benefits all
      2. needs participation of all
  2. Robbers Cave Written report
    1. Sherif 1966
    2. divided campers into 2 groups
      1. had them compete in a series of activities to create antagonism
    3. staged campsite emergencies every bit superordinate goals
      1. improved relations betwixt the groups
Aggression and Hating Beliefs
1. Types
  1. Instrumental aggression
    1. the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular terminate
  2. Hostile assailment
    1. has no clear purpose
2. Theoretical Causes
  1. Exposure to ambitious models
  2. Freud
    1. linked aggression to Thanatos
      1. the death instinct
  3. Sociobiologists
    1. the expression of aggression is adaptive under certain circumstances
  4. Frustration-Aggression hypothesis
    1. the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely
Prosocial Behavior
1. Prosocial Behavior
  1. People helping one another
2. Bystander Intervention
  1. The weather nether which people are more than or less likely to help someone in problem
3. Improvidence of Responsibility
  1. The larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help
4. Pluralistic Ignorance
  1. People determine what constitutes advisable behavior in a situation by looking to others
Attraction
1. Fundamental Principle
  1. Nosotros like others who:
    1. are like to us
      1. similarity
    2. with whom we come up into frequent contact
      1. proximity
    3. who return our positive feelings
      1. reciprocal liking
2. Self-Disclosure
  1. Sharing a slice of personal information with another person
The Influence of Others on an Private'south Beliefs
1. Social Facilitation
  1. The presence of others improves chore operation
2. Social Impairment
  1. The presence of others hurts job performance if the task is difficult
3. Conformity
  1. The tendency to proceed with the views or actions of others
  2. Solomon Asch 1951 Experiment
    1. brought participants into a room of confederates
    2. asked them to make simple perceptual judgments
      1. showed 3 vertical lines and asked which was the same length equally a target line
    3. had to answer out loud
    4. confederates gave a unanimous, obviously wrong reply
    5. seventy% of participants conformed on at least i trial
4. Obedience Studies
  1. Focus on the willingness of participants to do what another asks
  2. The Milgram Experiment 1974
    1. told participants information technology was a study almost teaching and learning
    2. participants were told to administrate "electric shocks"
    3. over lx% delivered all possible shocks
Group Dynamics
1. Norms
  1. Rules about how group members should act
2. Specific Roles
3. Social Loafing
  1. When individuals do not put in equally much effort when acting every bit role of a group as they do when acting lone
4. Group Polarization
  1. The tendency of a group to brand more farthermost decisions than the grouping members would make individually
5. Groupthink
  1. The trend for some groups to make bad decisions
  2. Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas the group supports
6. Deindividuation
  1. Groups members experience anonymous and angry
  2. Loss of self restraint
  3. People do things they never would have washed on their ain
7. Stanford Prison Experiment
  1. Philip Zimbardo (the devil)
  2. Simulated prison
  3. Students took to assigned roles too well
  4. Concluded early on

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Ap Psychology Chapter 14 Module 75 Test Review

Chapter 14: Social Psychology

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